23/12/2023
What's the Actual Difference Between 'Use By' and 'Sell By' Anyway?
Here's when to toss and when to save your food.
By Lauren Breedlove Published on November 15, 2023
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A single egg in bowl with expiration date clearly visible
PHOTO: KEN TANNENBAUM / GETTY IMAGES
It's the middle of the night. You can barely see your hand in front of you as it stretches out to open the fridge. The light beaming behind your leftovers on the top shelf blinds you momentarily. You wipe away the bleariness as you reach for that gallon of milk or that box of treats that summoned you out of bed in the first place. But before you dig in, you realize there's a teeny, tiny date stamped on the label. It's a "use-by" date. No, wait, it's a "sell-by" date. Or, hang on. Is that an "expiration date?" And then you realize, you don't actually know the difference in the first place. Don't worry. We're here to help.
Although dating food items is not required by U.S. Federal law (except for infant formula and baby food), most manufacturers do it voluntarily. Because, you know, they aren't that interested in poisoning you.
According to the USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) Food Safety and Inspection Service, "For meat, poultry, and egg products under the jurisdiction of the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), dates may be voluntarily applied provided they are labeled in a manner that is truthful and not misleading and in compliance with FSIS regulations. To comply, a calendar date must express both the month and day of the month. For shelf-stable and frozen products, the year must also be displayed. Additionally, immediately adjacent to the date must be a phrase explaining the meaning of that date, such as 'Best if Used By.'"
It's up to the grocery stores and markets to stock their shelves with the freshest items displayed behind or under the oldest products. For example, items like eggs typically hit store shelves just a few days after being laid, and cartons with the USDA grade shield are required to include a "pack date," which tells consumers when they were washed, graded, and packaged.
But that's a lot of labels. So, here's what each one means.
Expiration date
This one isn’t as definitive as it sounds. While it’s a hearty suggestion that the food will expire on that exact date, expiration dates really do depend on what type of food it is and if it looks, smells, or feels foul. According to the USDA’s FSIS, “With the exception of infant formula, if the date passes during home storage, a product should still be safe and wholesome if handled properly until spoilage is evident.”
So, if you’re thinking of digging into milk products, fresh fruit, vegetables, or cheese you haven’t used by the expiration date listed, it may be a good idea to throw those out and get something new, since those products are susceptible to bacteria that can make you sick. However, shelf-stable items like uncooked rice, pasta, or peanut butter and jelly can likely be eaten after the expiration date as long as they look and smell okay. (Again, this is entirely up to your discretion.)
Use-By Date
This one indicates peak quality, not safety (except for infant formula). The use-by date suggests the best time to eat the food product so you’re not eating it past its prime. As long as the appearance, smell, and texture are okay, you’re likely safe to eat a product past the use-by date.
Best if Used-By/Before
This is strictly a quality date, suggesting when the product will have the best taste.
Sell-By Date
This one is for stores. It indicates how long a product should be on the shelves. In fact, according to the Institute for Food Safety and Health at the Illinois Institute of Technology, "one-third of a product's shelf-life remains after the sell-by date for the consumer to use at home."
Freeze-By Date
Think of this one as the “use-by” date but for freezing. Freezing most food products extends their life, and this date is meant to tell you when to freeze an item at its highest quality.
Some other things to keep in mind to avoid wasting food by throwing it away too early are that a change in the color of meat or poultry is not an indicator of spoilage, according to the USDA. They also state that eggs should be refrigerated in their original carton and kept in the coldest part of the fridge (not the door), and “food spoilage can occur much faster if food is not stored or handled properly.” Once you open an item, its life is a lot shorter too. For instance, if you open a package of bacon, you have about a week to eat it before it could start going bad, according to the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service.
Shelf-stable items that can be stored at room temperature, like canned goods (unless otherwise labeled), flour, and pasta, can be good for years, according to the FSIS. High-acid items like fruits and juices can be kept for 12-18 months, while low-acid items like canned vegetables or most soups are fine in your pantry for up to five years. Things like mayonnaise can be kept for three months unopened. (For a more complete list of shelf-stable items and their life span, visit the FSIS Food Safety page.)
So if your cold cuts have been in the fridge for six days with a “use-by” date that isn’t until tomorrow, but there’s a spot of mold, funky smell, or it’s slimy, it’s best to rely on your own senses and toss it. Even if it means having to skip your midnight snack.