04/05/2024
Was paganism in pre-christian Europe a religion?
There was more than one set of beliefs but let's consider Celtic and Germanic paganism. Both had a pantheon of Gods and Goddesses as personifications of the elements of the living world, and seemingly rites and ceremonies related to them and the things they represented. But is that religion?
The definition of religion is difficult, is it about belief, ritual, doctrine or is it when all those things are combined?
If religion is simply the belief in spiritual beings, then I think we can safely say pre-christian European pagan beliefs were religions. If religion is defined by ritual then things are less clear, how much unity of observance was there? If it is a question of doctrine then I don't think the word religion can be easily applied, there is little to indicate that there was a prescriptive set of rules that everyone had to follow.
Perhaps the concept of religion is an entirely modern invention, placing christian ideas on beliefs that do not conform to the christian world view.
In many modern contexts a religion is a group of people who believe that they are right and anyone who thinks differently must be wrong. Pagans adapted their beliefs when met with new ideas, and seem to have looked for similarities with other pantheons rather than dismissing them.
Maybe it is best not to apply the word religion to the beliefs of people who would themselves have never used that word or tangled with what it means.