06/08/2025
On this day, 106 years ago, the Senate approved the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, otherwise known as the 19th amendment, by a 56-25 vote where it was then sent to the states for the final step of the ratification process.
On August 18, 1920, after Tennessee’s approval, the 19th Amendment of the Constitution was ratified.
Article V of the constitution serves as our brief instructions manual on how to amend our nation’s most sacred document. The mere one sentence paragraph gives us two options for ratification: to call a constitutional convention or to get 2/3 support from both Houses of Congress and 2/3 of the states to approve. The former method has only been invoked once, to ratify the 21st amendment in 1933 which officially repealed the 18th amendment, otherwise known as prohibition, the only constitutional amendment to get repealed.
The United States has one of the most rigid Constitutions in the world, making it incredibly difficult to change. The success of the 19th did not happen overnight; in fact, the amendment was first proposed to Congress over 30 years prior to its eventual ratification. The idea for a suffrage amendment emerged officially decades prior, however, at the first American feminist convention in Seneca Falls in 1848. The 19th is a great example of a movement driven amendment, meaning it was not proposed because elected officials advocated for it, rather because generations of women fought tirelessly decade after decade for its full ratification. It wasn’t until 1916 that Jeannette Rankin became the first woman elected to serve in Congress, meaning suffragists faced an almost entirely male House, many of whom worked relentlessly to prevent women from getting the right to vote.
While the 19th Amendment reads: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex,” women of color still faced immense barriers when casting their vote. Poll taxes, literacy tests, and the pervasive racism during the Jim Crowe era barred countless women from casting their vote. It was not until the 1965 Voting Rights Act, which barred voter discrimination, that Americans finally had full legal equal suffrage, otherwise known as democracy.